With the advent of energy crises and the problem of energy shortages projected for years ahead, a major effort was undertaken by Brown and Caldwell in the design of electrical power systems to include, wherever the opportunity exists, energy savings devices. With this in mind, the electrical systems for various industrial applications were developed to include cogeneration, automatic load shedding and power transfer controls, automatic power factor correction, and a redundant dc system to provide a highly reliable source for protective relaying and circuit breaker operation.